Heavy alcohol consumption is strongly and consistently associated with sexual risk behaviors in both men and women in Botswana, according to one of the few research studies on the topic in sub-Saharan Africa.
The results argue for the need to deal with alcohol abuse within HIV prevention programs in African countries. Strategies to do this could include education campaigns that target both alcohol use and HIV in schools and in social venues, including beer halls. As the researchers stress, any strategy must consider the cultural and social significance of alcohol use (in Botswana, for example, alcohol use is a symbol of masculinity and high socio-economic status). In addition, any strategy must simultaneously tackle not only the overlap between alcohol use and risky sexual behavior but also the overlap between alcohol and other risk behaviors such as intergenerational sex.
Citation: Weiser SD, Leiter K, Heisler M, McFarland W, Percy-de Korte F, et al. (2006) A population-based study on alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviors in Botswana. PLoS Med 3(10): e392.
PLEASE ADD THE LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: dx.doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030392
CONTACT:
Sheri Weiser
University of California, San Francisco
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies
931 Stanyan Street
San Francisco, CA 94117-3806 United States of America
About PLoS Medicine
PLoS Medicine is an open access, freely available international medical journal. It publishes original research that enhances our understanding of human health and disease, together with commentary and analysis of important global health issues. For more information, visit plosmedicine/
About the Public Library of Science
The Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a non-profit organization of scientists and physicians committed to making the world's scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource. For more information, visit plos/
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Contact: Andrew Hyde
Public Library of Science
пятница, 29 апреля 2011 г.
четверг, 28 апреля 2011 г.
Alcohol: A Life Sentence
Every year, almost 4000 babies in Germany are born with alcohol-related defects. The mothers of these children have often drunk alcohol regularly during the pregnancy. The consequences are often devastating and commonly persist into adulthood. The various forms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are presented by the pediatricians Hans-Ludwig Spohr and Hans-Christoph Steinhausen in the latest issue of Deutsches Arzteblatt International (Dtsch Arztebl Int 2008; 105[41]: 693-8).
Despite intensive research the precise pathogenetic mechanism of intrauterine alcohol damage remains to be clearly established. Affected neonates are too small and underweight, with craniofacial deformities. A narrowed palpebral fissure and a thin upper lip are typical manifestations. The children's physical and mental development is delayed. Many of them are poor learners or display conspicuous behavior. Psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression and epileptic seizures occur with increased frequency. In adulthood, patients are often not able to live independently and require long-term care. Thus the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a diagnosis for life.
DEUTSCHES AERZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL
Ottostr. 12
50859 Cologne
Germany
aerzteblatt-international.de
Despite intensive research the precise pathogenetic mechanism of intrauterine alcohol damage remains to be clearly established. Affected neonates are too small and underweight, with craniofacial deformities. A narrowed palpebral fissure and a thin upper lip are typical manifestations. The children's physical and mental development is delayed. Many of them are poor learners or display conspicuous behavior. Psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression and epileptic seizures occur with increased frequency. In adulthood, patients are often not able to live independently and require long-term care. Thus the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a diagnosis for life.
DEUTSCHES AERZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL
Ottostr. 12
50859 Cologne
Germany
aerzteblatt-international.de
среда, 27 апреля 2011 г.
Fewer US Teens Taking Illegal Drugs But Concerns Remain, Survey
Most Popular Articles For Alcohol
These are the most read articles from this news category for the last 6 months:
Alcohol Is Most Harmful Drug, Followed By Heroin And Crack
01 Nov 2010
Alcohol is the most damaging drug to the drinker and others overall, heroin and crack are the second and third most harmful, Professor David Nutt and colleagues wrote in the medical journal The Lancet today...
Giving Up Smoking Linked To Greater Happiness And Elevated Mood
05 Dec 2010
Energy Drinks: Is It Time To Tighten Regulation?
02 Nov 2010
USA's Drunkest Cities Are Milwaukee, Fargo And San Francisco
31 Dec 2010
Lock Up The Liquor; Parents Giving Children Alcohol
19 Feb 2011
_uacct = "UA-849615-1";
urchinTracker();
These are the most read articles from this news category for the last 6 months:
Alcohol Is Most Harmful Drug, Followed By Heroin And Crack
01 Nov 2010
Alcohol is the most damaging drug to the drinker and others overall, heroin and crack are the second and third most harmful, Professor David Nutt and colleagues wrote in the medical journal The Lancet today...
Giving Up Smoking Linked To Greater Happiness And Elevated Mood
05 Dec 2010
Energy Drinks: Is It Time To Tighten Regulation?
02 Nov 2010
USA's Drunkest Cities Are Milwaukee, Fargo And San Francisco
31 Dec 2010
Lock Up The Liquor; Parents Giving Children Alcohol
19 Feb 2011
_uacct = "UA-849615-1";
urchinTracker();
вторник, 26 апреля 2011 г.
THT Calls For Improved Drugs And Alcohol Support Services For Gay Men, UK
A new report released by Terrence Higgins Trust (THT) and Sigma Research states that more needs to be done to develop effective alcohol and drug support services for gay men. According to the report, 'Wasted Opportunities', existing services are poorly equipped to help gay men who have a problematic relationship with drugs or alcohol.
Peter Weatherburn, the Director of Sigma Research, said: "The report confirms that problematic drug and alcohol use is very common among gay and bisexual men. One gay man in six (17%) are concerned about their use of alcohol and/or other drugs, with alcohol causing more concern than all the other drugs put together."
Researchers conducted face-to-face interviews with forty gay men, all of whom were concerned about their use of drugs and/or alcohol, exploring why their substance use had become problematic. Many of the interviewees put their problems down to factors particular to their lives as gay men, such as conflicted feelings about their sexuality or nervousness about how they were perceived on the gay scene.
When interviewees were asked for their views on alcohol and drug support services, the majority said they would prefer any service they used to be gay-run or gay-friendly, often citing the need to feel service providers fully understood their situation. As gay men's use of alcohol and drugs was often tied in with their use of the gay bar and club scene, it was felt that existing services didn't meet all their needs. Since honest communication and understanding plays a vital role in dealing with alcohol and drug-related problems, it was felt that gay or gay-friendly services were needed.
Marc Thompson, Deputy Head of Health Promotion for THT said "It's clear from these findings that a lot of gay men who have a problem with drugs or alcohol could benefit from more dedicated support services. This could involve training service providers to deal with issues that affect gay men's lives, or running special sessions for gay men within existing organisations. We hope that by introducing services that are more tailored to gay men, we would see an increase in the numbers of men getting the help they need."
The report 'Wasted opportunities: problematic alcohol and drug use among gay men and bisexual men' is available to download here.
Gay men can find information on recreational drugs, alcohol and sex from: tht/drugfucked
Notes
1. Terrence Higgins Trust is the UK's largest HIV and sexual health charity with centres across England, Scotland and Wales. We're here to provide information and advice about HIV and sexual health and offer a range of services including sexual health checks, counselling and support groups. We campaign for a world where people with HIV live healthy lives, free from prejudice and discrimination and we promote good sexual health as a right and reality for all. Terrence Higgins Trust relies on donations to deliver a wide range of services. To make a donation, visit tht
2. Sigma Research is a social research group specialising in the behavioural and policy aspects of HIV and sexual health. It also undertakes research and development work on aspects of lesbian, gay and bisexual health and well-being.
3. Drinking excessively and taking recreational drugs can lead people to take risks with their sexual health, lowering inhibitions and making unsafe sex more likely. This increases the risk of men acquiring HIV or other sexually transmitted infections.
Terrence Higgins Trust
Peter Weatherburn, the Director of Sigma Research, said: "The report confirms that problematic drug and alcohol use is very common among gay and bisexual men. One gay man in six (17%) are concerned about their use of alcohol and/or other drugs, with alcohol causing more concern than all the other drugs put together."
Researchers conducted face-to-face interviews with forty gay men, all of whom were concerned about their use of drugs and/or alcohol, exploring why their substance use had become problematic. Many of the interviewees put their problems down to factors particular to their lives as gay men, such as conflicted feelings about their sexuality or nervousness about how they were perceived on the gay scene.
When interviewees were asked for their views on alcohol and drug support services, the majority said they would prefer any service they used to be gay-run or gay-friendly, often citing the need to feel service providers fully understood their situation. As gay men's use of alcohol and drugs was often tied in with their use of the gay bar and club scene, it was felt that existing services didn't meet all their needs. Since honest communication and understanding plays a vital role in dealing with alcohol and drug-related problems, it was felt that gay or gay-friendly services were needed.
Marc Thompson, Deputy Head of Health Promotion for THT said "It's clear from these findings that a lot of gay men who have a problem with drugs or alcohol could benefit from more dedicated support services. This could involve training service providers to deal with issues that affect gay men's lives, or running special sessions for gay men within existing organisations. We hope that by introducing services that are more tailored to gay men, we would see an increase in the numbers of men getting the help they need."
The report 'Wasted opportunities: problematic alcohol and drug use among gay men and bisexual men' is available to download here.
Gay men can find information on recreational drugs, alcohol and sex from: tht/drugfucked
Notes
1. Terrence Higgins Trust is the UK's largest HIV and sexual health charity with centres across England, Scotland and Wales. We're here to provide information and advice about HIV and sexual health and offer a range of services including sexual health checks, counselling and support groups. We campaign for a world where people with HIV live healthy lives, free from prejudice and discrimination and we promote good sexual health as a right and reality for all. Terrence Higgins Trust relies on donations to deliver a wide range of services. To make a donation, visit tht
2. Sigma Research is a social research group specialising in the behavioural and policy aspects of HIV and sexual health. It also undertakes research and development work on aspects of lesbian, gay and bisexual health and well-being.
3. Drinking excessively and taking recreational drugs can lead people to take risks with their sexual health, lowering inhibitions and making unsafe sex more likely. This increases the risk of men acquiring HIV or other sexually transmitted infections.
Terrence Higgins Trust
понедельник, 25 апреля 2011 г.
The Key To Tackling Substance Abuse And Addiction Among Nurses Is Support Not Punishment
As many as ten to 20 per cent of nurses and nursing students may have substance abuse and addiction problems, but the key to tackling this difficult issue - and protecting public safety - is support and treatment, not punishment. That is the key message in a paper in the February issue of the Journal of Clinical Nursing.
Researchers have recommended six key points that could be built into alternative-to-dismissal (ATD) strategies after reviewing the latest research and professional guidance from countries such as the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and the UK.
They believe that ATD programmes provide greater patient safety, as they enable managers to remove nurses from the work environment quickly, unlike traditional disciplinary procedures that can take months, if not years. ATD programmes also provide non-judgemental support and treatment that encourages nurses to seek help and improve their chances of staying in the profession.
"Addiction among nurses has been recognised by professionals in the field for over a hundred years" says lead author Dr Todd Monroe from the Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Tennessee, USA. "While research consistently reports incidence rates of 10 to 15 per cent, some studies suggest that this could be as high as 20 per cent.
"Doctors and nurses are only human and face the same problems as everyone else, which can include chemical dependency. The fact that they work in a highly stressful environment with easy access to powerful drugs can expose them to an increased risk of substance misuse and abuse. They are expected to show compassion when caring for patients who are alcohol and/or drug dependent and they should extend the same compassion to colleagues struggling with chemical dependency, which is an illness."
Research suggests that ATD programmes help many nurses recover from addiction, reduce the chance of dismissal and return to work under strict monitoring guidelines, with random substance checks, support and meetings with managers and regulators. ATD programmes can also lead to a 75 per cent reduction in practical problems, like obtaining liability health insurance after disciplinary action, and they usually help nurses to re-enter the workforce.
"ATD programmes appear to be the best way to protect patients and retain nurses at a time when the profession is facing serious shortages of experienced professionals" says Dr Monroe.
The review covers nearly three decades of research papers and professional guidance from nursing regulators and brings together a number of previous studies by Dr Monroe on substance abuse policies in the nursing profession.
"We believe that the incidence of substance abuse among nurses, and especially nursing students, is both under-researched and under-reported, partly because it is considered taboo among many healthcare providers and nursing school faculty and staff" he says.
"Poor or ineffective policies that mandate punitive action are more likely to endanger the public, as they make it more difficult for impaired nurses or students to seek help.
"That is why we support ATD strategies that motivate individuals to voluntarily seek assistance for their dependency or encourage colleagues to urge them to seek the help they need."
Dr Monroe teamed up with Dr Heidi Kenaga, from The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, to come up with six key points that they believe should be incorporated into ATD programmes developed by regulators, educators and healthcare facilties:
Promoting open communication by discussing substance abuse in healthcare and nursing education settings.
Encouraging an atmosphere where people feel they can report problems confidentially.
Providing information about the signs and symptoms of impairment.
Conducting mock interventions to help people feel less fearful or uncomfortable about approaching a colleague or fellow student about suspected chemical dependency.
Inviting ATD experts to speak to hospital or school administrators.
Participating in scholarly forums about addiction among healthcare providers.
"We believe that these key points will help to transform perceptions of substance abuse among nurses, so that they are seen as a medical disorder requiring treatment, rather than a moral failing" says Dr Monroe.
"There is a long history of substance abuse in the medical profession and ignoring the problem may perpetuate fear, anxiety, poor outcomes for the nurses and risks for the people they care for.
"Providing early intervention and assistance is essential to help nurses and nursing students to recover from an addictive disorder. And providing a confidential, non-punitive atmosphere of support may well be a life-saving step for nurses and those in their care."
The full paper contains a detailed checklist of the warning signs to look out for, including issues with attendance, performance, use of controlled substances, behaviour and physical signs.
Notes:
Don't ask don't tell: substance abuse and addiction among nurses. Monroe T and Kenaga H. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 20, pp504-0509. (February 2011). DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03518.x
Source:
Annette Whibley
Wiley-Blackwell
Researchers have recommended six key points that could be built into alternative-to-dismissal (ATD) strategies after reviewing the latest research and professional guidance from countries such as the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and the UK.
They believe that ATD programmes provide greater patient safety, as they enable managers to remove nurses from the work environment quickly, unlike traditional disciplinary procedures that can take months, if not years. ATD programmes also provide non-judgemental support and treatment that encourages nurses to seek help and improve their chances of staying in the profession.
"Addiction among nurses has been recognised by professionals in the field for over a hundred years" says lead author Dr Todd Monroe from the Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Tennessee, USA. "While research consistently reports incidence rates of 10 to 15 per cent, some studies suggest that this could be as high as 20 per cent.
"Doctors and nurses are only human and face the same problems as everyone else, which can include chemical dependency. The fact that they work in a highly stressful environment with easy access to powerful drugs can expose them to an increased risk of substance misuse and abuse. They are expected to show compassion when caring for patients who are alcohol and/or drug dependent and they should extend the same compassion to colleagues struggling with chemical dependency, which is an illness."
Research suggests that ATD programmes help many nurses recover from addiction, reduce the chance of dismissal and return to work under strict monitoring guidelines, with random substance checks, support and meetings with managers and regulators. ATD programmes can also lead to a 75 per cent reduction in practical problems, like obtaining liability health insurance after disciplinary action, and they usually help nurses to re-enter the workforce.
"ATD programmes appear to be the best way to protect patients and retain nurses at a time when the profession is facing serious shortages of experienced professionals" says Dr Monroe.
The review covers nearly three decades of research papers and professional guidance from nursing regulators and brings together a number of previous studies by Dr Monroe on substance abuse policies in the nursing profession.
"We believe that the incidence of substance abuse among nurses, and especially nursing students, is both under-researched and under-reported, partly because it is considered taboo among many healthcare providers and nursing school faculty and staff" he says.
"Poor or ineffective policies that mandate punitive action are more likely to endanger the public, as they make it more difficult for impaired nurses or students to seek help.
"That is why we support ATD strategies that motivate individuals to voluntarily seek assistance for their dependency or encourage colleagues to urge them to seek the help they need."
Dr Monroe teamed up with Dr Heidi Kenaga, from The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, to come up with six key points that they believe should be incorporated into ATD programmes developed by regulators, educators and healthcare facilties:
Promoting open communication by discussing substance abuse in healthcare and nursing education settings.
Encouraging an atmosphere where people feel they can report problems confidentially.
Providing information about the signs and symptoms of impairment.
Conducting mock interventions to help people feel less fearful or uncomfortable about approaching a colleague or fellow student about suspected chemical dependency.
Inviting ATD experts to speak to hospital or school administrators.
Participating in scholarly forums about addiction among healthcare providers.
"We believe that these key points will help to transform perceptions of substance abuse among nurses, so that they are seen as a medical disorder requiring treatment, rather than a moral failing" says Dr Monroe.
"There is a long history of substance abuse in the medical profession and ignoring the problem may perpetuate fear, anxiety, poor outcomes for the nurses and risks for the people they care for.
"Providing early intervention and assistance is essential to help nurses and nursing students to recover from an addictive disorder. And providing a confidential, non-punitive atmosphere of support may well be a life-saving step for nurses and those in their care."
The full paper contains a detailed checklist of the warning signs to look out for, including issues with attendance, performance, use of controlled substances, behaviour and physical signs.
Notes:
Don't ask don't tell: substance abuse and addiction among nurses. Monroe T and Kenaga H. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 20, pp504-0509. (February 2011). DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03518.x
Source:
Annette Whibley
Wiley-Blackwell
воскресенье, 24 апреля 2011 г.
U.N. Anti-Drug Efforts Contributing To Spread Of HIV, Advocates Say
Members of the United Nations this week are expected to sign a declaration to extend a "war on drugs," a policy that some critics argue is ineffective and contributes to the spread of HIV, Reuters reports. The U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime is drafting the declaration, which calls for a 10-year renewal on efforts to eradicate all narcotics by using law enforcement to target traffickers and producers and end drug use worldwide.
Some critics of the policy say the declaration's lack of focus on harm-reduction strategies, including needle-exchange programs for injection drug users, has increased the spread of HIV and other diseases. In addition, some drug policy advocates, social scientists and health experts say that the strategy has not been successful, with statistics indicating that drug production, trafficking and use have increased during the past 10 years. The cost of law enforcement also has increased, according to statistics. UNODC Director Antonio Maria Costa said, "The crime and corruption associated with the drug trade are providing strong evidence to a vocal minority of pro-drug lobbyists to argue that the cure is worse than the disease. This would be a historical mistake, one which United Nations member states are not willing to make." Reuters reports that the declaration is expected to be signed in Vienna, Austria, on Wednesday or Thursday (Baker, Reuters, 3/10).
A statement released on Wednesday by Human Rights Watch, the International AIDS Society and the International Harm Reduction Association called for member governments not to support the declaration because "critical elements" to prevent HIV were stripped from the final document. The statement said, "What is at issue is a series of measures known collectively as 'harm reduction services,' which have been endorsed by U.N. health and drug-control agencies," including the UNODC, UNAIDS and the World Health Organization. According to the statement, such measures include needle- and syringe-exchange programs and medication-assisted therapy, inside and outside prisons, which are "essential to address HIV among people who use drugs." According to the groups, a "wealth of evidence proves harm reduction is essential to HIV prevention for people who use drugs." Up to 30% of all HIV infections outside sub-Saharan Africa occur through unsafe injecting drug use, the groups said, adding that there is "clear evidence that harm-reduction interventions can halt or even reverse HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs" (HRW/IAS/IHRA release, 3/11).
Reprinted with kind permission from kaisernetwork. You can view the entire Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report, search the archives, or sign up for email delivery at kaisernetwork/dailyreports/healthpolicy. The Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report is published for kaisernetwork, a free service of The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
© 2009 Advisory Board Company and Kaiser Family Foundation. All rights reserved.
Some critics of the policy say the declaration's lack of focus on harm-reduction strategies, including needle-exchange programs for injection drug users, has increased the spread of HIV and other diseases. In addition, some drug policy advocates, social scientists and health experts say that the strategy has not been successful, with statistics indicating that drug production, trafficking and use have increased during the past 10 years. The cost of law enforcement also has increased, according to statistics. UNODC Director Antonio Maria Costa said, "The crime and corruption associated with the drug trade are providing strong evidence to a vocal minority of pro-drug lobbyists to argue that the cure is worse than the disease. This would be a historical mistake, one which United Nations member states are not willing to make." Reuters reports that the declaration is expected to be signed in Vienna, Austria, on Wednesday or Thursday (Baker, Reuters, 3/10).
A statement released on Wednesday by Human Rights Watch, the International AIDS Society and the International Harm Reduction Association called for member governments not to support the declaration because "critical elements" to prevent HIV were stripped from the final document. The statement said, "What is at issue is a series of measures known collectively as 'harm reduction services,' which have been endorsed by U.N. health and drug-control agencies," including the UNODC, UNAIDS and the World Health Organization. According to the statement, such measures include needle- and syringe-exchange programs and medication-assisted therapy, inside and outside prisons, which are "essential to address HIV among people who use drugs." According to the groups, a "wealth of evidence proves harm reduction is essential to HIV prevention for people who use drugs." Up to 30% of all HIV infections outside sub-Saharan Africa occur through unsafe injecting drug use, the groups said, adding that there is "clear evidence that harm-reduction interventions can halt or even reverse HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs" (HRW/IAS/IHRA release, 3/11).
Reprinted with kind permission from kaisernetwork. You can view the entire Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report, search the archives, or sign up for email delivery at kaisernetwork/dailyreports/healthpolicy. The Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report is published for kaisernetwork, a free service of The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
© 2009 Advisory Board Company and Kaiser Family Foundation. All rights reserved.
College Of Neuropsychopharmacology 21st Congress
From 30 August to 3 September 2008 the 21st Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) will be held in Barcelona, Spain. This Congress is the largest annual meeting on psychopharmacology and mental disorders in Europe of a high scientific standard, attended by more than 6,000 participants (clinical and basic scientists such as psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and neuroscience researchers) from all over the world.
This year's programme will present not only the latest findings and breakthroughs in neuropsychopharmacology and related disciplines in both preclinical and clinical settings, but also cover the various aspects of pharmacotherapy of brain disorders and their impact on the quality of life of patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders.
In this regard, the scientific programme will comprise, among others, the following topics:
Neurogenesis and stem cells
Neurocognitive insights in substance addiction
Current trends in neuroimaging and psychosis
Genetic causes of autism
Pharmacological challenges for understanding affective and stress-related disorders
Furthermore, the educational updates at the congress will deal with the impact of current social, economic and cultural changes on mental health care (e.g. neuroethics, effects of migration etc.).
For further information about the provisional scientific programme, please visit the ECNP website: ecnp.eu/.
The exciting scientific programme along with the congress site Barcelona, one of the most beautiful cities in Southern Europe with an amazing cultural energy and a passion for progress, will make this congress an outstanding and unforgettable event.
We hope you will find this meeting of interest and a valuable source of information for spreading the spirit of scientific adventure and discovery!
We are looking forward to welcoming you in Barcelona!
Source: Sonja Mak
European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
This year's programme will present not only the latest findings and breakthroughs in neuropsychopharmacology and related disciplines in both preclinical and clinical settings, but also cover the various aspects of pharmacotherapy of brain disorders and their impact on the quality of life of patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders.
In this regard, the scientific programme will comprise, among others, the following topics:
Neurogenesis and stem cells
Neurocognitive insights in substance addiction
Current trends in neuroimaging and psychosis
Genetic causes of autism
Pharmacological challenges for understanding affective and stress-related disorders
Furthermore, the educational updates at the congress will deal with the impact of current social, economic and cultural changes on mental health care (e.g. neuroethics, effects of migration etc.).
For further information about the provisional scientific programme, please visit the ECNP website: ecnp.eu/.
The exciting scientific programme along with the congress site Barcelona, one of the most beautiful cities in Southern Europe with an amazing cultural energy and a passion for progress, will make this congress an outstanding and unforgettable event.
We hope you will find this meeting of interest and a valuable source of information for spreading the spirit of scientific adventure and discovery!
We are looking forward to welcoming you in Barcelona!
Source: Sonja Mak
European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
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